Introduction to contour Thinning is the science of representation of the vertical dimension of the field in a two-dimensional map. We can understand the outline considering a simple example.
Suppose a right circular cone with a base diameter of 5 m in height and 5 meters is upright on its base. Leave the base to rest on a horizontal plane at zero, as shown in Figure 1.
Zero, the outline of a cone is a circle of 5 meters in diameter. This circle is the boundary of the cone height 0m. We draw on the first corner, an appropriate scale on paper.
Now let's see a piece of 1 meter above the bottom of the cone. This produces a more rounded contour of the corresponding diameter of the cone height of 1m. We do this a second circle, outline map of the same scale. The second circle is smaller in diameter than the first one is a concentric circle inside the first circle.
Similarly, we will continue to draw the shape of a cone-2m, 3m, 4m and 5m at the boundary of our map. We conical structure of the map object is ready. Looking on the map are called contour lines. (See Figure-2)
As the cone, in this example, the draft hills rising from the ground. The contour map of the terrain will be similar to the cone, except that instead of perfect circles, the level curves
irregular shapes. The important point to note here the similarity is that the mountainous terrain would be represented by contours with elevation increasing toward the center.
In contrast, a pond or depression can be represented by contour lines with decreasing height toward the center.
Explain the terms used in the irregularities Define the contour line
A contour line is an imaginary boundary of the land is obtained by joining points of equal elevation. In our example of the cone, each circle is a contour line connecting poDefine Contour Line
A Contour line is an imaginary outline of the terrain obtained by joining its points of equal elevation. In our example of the cone, each circle is a contour line joining points of same level.
Define Contour Interval (CI)
Contour interval is the difference between the levels of consecutive contour lines on a map. The contour interval is a constant in a given map. In our example, the contour interval is 1m.
Define Horizontal Equivalent (HE)
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between two consecutive contour lines measured to the scale of the map.ints on the same level.
Define the contour interval (CI)
Contours is the difference between consecutive contours on a map. The contour interval is a constant for a given map. In our example, the contour interval of 1m.
Define the equivalent horizontal (HE)
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between two consecutive contours measured in the scale of the map.
Gradient
Gradient of the slope up or down the field between two consecutive contours. The slope or gradient is usually in the format specified in S 1, where 1 represents the vertical component of the slope S and the horizontal component is measured in the same unit.
Slope of two consecutive curves can also express Q, Tan (Theta), as follows:
Q tan (theta) = CI / HE ... both measured in the same department.
What is the difference between equidistance and equal horizontal There are three main differences between the contour interval and the horizontal equivalent of the following:
S. No interval between the horizontal lines
1 It is based on vertical levels representing the horizontal distance
2 No measuring or scaling is not necessary, because the contour lines are marked with contour lines on a map the distance is measured and converted into distance by multiplying the actual scale of the map
3 In a given map the contour interval is a constant horizontal equivalent varies with the slope. Minimum slope indicates a greater distance
What are the characteristics of the contour lines? Contours clearly shows characteristics of the soil, as follows:
i) All points on a contour line is the same height.
ii) There are two edges meet or intersect, except in rare cases of long vertical cliff or wall
iii) the contour lines close together indicate a steep slope
iv) Widely spaced contours indicate the slope
v) Equally spaced contours indicate a uniform slope
vi) Closed contour lines with a higher elevation to the center indicates Hills
vii) Closed contour lines to reduce the levels of the center indicates the direction of the pond or other depression.
viii) the contour of the ridge show a greater height at the edges of the loop. Contour lines of the cross-ridge at right angles.
ix lines) contour of the valley show the reduction of the contour lines in the circuit. The contour lines at right angles to the valley.
x) All edges must be sealed with either a map of the border or outside of it.
What areas of contours using?
Contour maps are useful because they provide valuable information on the ground. Some of these uses are as follows:
i) The nature of the soil and slope can be estimated
ii) the work of the Earth can be estimated for construction projects such as road works, railways, canals, dams, etc. iii) It is possible to find an appropriate place for a project of the contour map of the region.
iv) Inter-visibility of points can be viewed using the contour maps. This is very helpful for locating the communication towers.
v) the military uses contour maps of strategic planning.
What methods of imperfections? Two ways are Contouring: -
i) direct method
ii) the indirect
Direct method
In the direct method points to the same height of the land is physically located, and then plotted on a map. This is a very laborious process and requires more time and resources than the indirect method.
Indirect method
In the indirect method of contour in the three methods to be followed:
) Transversal Method
B) square or grid method
C) Method Tacheometric
Explanation of the method of weight loss of the crosssection? Method Cross section is the most suitable for the preparation of contour maps of the works of roads, railways, canals, etc.
Usually, this type of terrain has a band very long, but narrow.
The steps are:
i) The axis of the strip is marked first
ii) lines perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tape is marked dividing the strip into equal sections
iii) the perpendicular lines are divided into equally spaced divisions, forming the rectangular grid.
iv) levels taken at the intersection lattice for the cross section profile of a strip of land.
v) the contour map is drawn in the office by interpolating the points of equal elevation on the basis of the decision levels at the site.
We are grateful to Mr. Iyer engineeringcivil.com Ramasesh to submit this information useful for us.
Explain Squares Slimming grid method?
Squares or grid method is suitable for the formulation of the plains or gently sloping grounds.
They agreed steps are as follows:
i) Mark the square grids on the ground to detect. Grid size depends on how the study.
Generally, a grid of 1m x 1m is chosen for small jobs and a larger grid for major work
ii) The levels are taken all over the place and the intersection of the diagonal.
iii) levels taken at the intersection of the diagonals used for verification of the interpolation.
vi) Contour map in the office were drawn by interpolation of points based on the levels of the same height in the corners of the square.
Tacheometric explanation of the method for remodeling?
Suppose a right circular cone with a base diameter of 5 m in height and 5 meters is upright on its base. Leave the base to rest on a horizontal plane at zero, as shown in Figure 1.
Zero, the outline of a cone is a circle of 5 meters in diameter. This circle is the boundary of the cone height 0m. We draw on the first corner, an appropriate scale on paper.Now let's see a piece of 1 meter above the bottom of the cone. This produces a more rounded contour of the corresponding diameter of the cone height of 1m. We do this a second circle, outline map of the same scale. The second circle is smaller in diameter than the first one is a concentric circle inside the first circle.
Similarly, we will continue to draw the shape of a cone-2m, 3m, 4m and 5m at the boundary of our map. We conical structure of the map object is ready. Looking on the map are called contour lines. (See Figure-2)
As the cone, in this example, the draft hills rising from the ground. The contour map of the terrain will be similar to the cone, except that instead of perfect circles, the level curvesirregular shapes. The important point to note here the similarity is that the mountainous terrain would be represented by contours with elevation increasing toward the center.
In contrast, a pond or depression can be represented by contour lines with decreasing height toward the center.
Explain the terms used in the irregularities Define the contour line
A contour line is an imaginary boundary of the land is obtained by joining points of equal elevation. In our example of the cone, each circle is a contour line connecting poDefine Contour Line
A Contour line is an imaginary outline of the terrain obtained by joining its points of equal elevation. In our example of the cone, each circle is a contour line joining points of same level.
Define Contour Interval (CI)
Contour interval is the difference between the levels of consecutive contour lines on a map. The contour interval is a constant in a given map. In our example, the contour interval is 1m.
Define Horizontal Equivalent (HE)
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between two consecutive contour lines measured to the scale of the map.ints on the same level.
Define the contour interval (CI)
Contours is the difference between consecutive contours on a map. The contour interval is a constant for a given map. In our example, the contour interval of 1m.
Define the equivalent horizontal (HE)
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between two consecutive contours measured in the scale of the map.
GradientGradient of the slope up or down the field between two consecutive contours. The slope or gradient is usually in the format specified in S 1, where 1 represents the vertical component of the slope S and the horizontal component is measured in the same unit.
Slope of two consecutive curves can also express Q, Tan (Theta), as follows:
Q tan (theta) = CI / HE ... both measured in the same department.
What is the difference between equidistance and equal horizontal There are three main differences between the contour interval and the horizontal equivalent of the following:
S. No interval between the horizontal lines
1 It is based on vertical levels representing the horizontal distance
2 No measuring or scaling is not necessary, because the contour lines are marked with contour lines on a map the distance is measured and converted into distance by multiplying the actual scale of the map
3 In a given map the contour interval is a constant horizontal equivalent varies with the slope. Minimum slope indicates a greater distance
What are the characteristics of the contour lines? Contours clearly shows characteristics of the soil, as follows:
i) All points on a contour line is the same height.
ii) There are two edges meet or intersect, except in rare cases of long vertical cliff or wall
iii) the contour lines close together indicate a steep slope
iv) Widely spaced contours indicate the slope
v) Equally spaced contours indicate a uniform slope
vi) Closed contour lines with a higher elevation to the center indicates Hills
vii) Closed contour lines to reduce the levels of the center indicates the direction of the pond or other depression.
viii) the contour of the ridge show a greater height at the edges of the loop. Contour lines of the cross-ridge at right angles.
ix lines) contour of the valley show the reduction of the contour lines in the circuit. The contour lines at right angles to the valley.
x) All edges must be sealed with either a map of the border or outside of it.
What areas of contours using?
Contour maps are useful because they provide valuable information on the ground. Some of these uses are as follows:
i) The nature of the soil and slope can be estimated
ii) the work of the Earth can be estimated for construction projects such as road works, railways, canals, dams, etc. iii) It is possible to find an appropriate place for a project of the contour map of the region.
iv) Inter-visibility of points can be viewed using the contour maps. This is very helpful for locating the communication towers.
v) the military uses contour maps of strategic planning.
What methods of imperfections? Two ways are Contouring: -
i) direct method
ii) the indirect
Direct method
In the direct method points to the same height of the land is physically located, and then plotted on a map. This is a very laborious process and requires more time and resources than the indirect method.
Indirect method
In the indirect method of contour in the three methods to be followed:
) Transversal Method
B) square or grid method
C) Method Tacheometric
Explanation of the method of weight loss of the crosssection? Method Cross section is the most suitable for the preparation of contour maps of the works of roads, railways, canals, etc.
Usually, this type of terrain has a band very long, but narrow.
The steps are:
i) The axis of the strip is marked first
ii) lines perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tape is marked dividing the strip into equal sections
iii) the perpendicular lines are divided into equally spaced divisions, forming the rectangular grid.
iv) levels taken at the intersection lattice for the cross section profile of a strip of land.
v) the contour map is drawn in the office by interpolating the points of equal elevation on the basis of the decision levels at the site.
We are grateful to Mr. Iyer engineeringcivil.com Ramasesh to submit this information useful for us.
Explain Squares Slimming grid method?
Squares or grid method is suitable for the formulation of the plains or gently sloping grounds.
They agreed steps are as follows:
i) Mark the square grids on the ground to detect. Grid size depends on how the study.
Generally, a grid of 1m x 1m is chosen for small jobs and a larger grid for major work
ii) The levels are taken all over the place and the intersection of the diagonal.
iii) levels taken at the intersection of the diagonals used for verification of the interpolation.
vi) Contour map in the office were drawn by interpolation of points based on the levels of the same height in the corners of the square.
Tacheometric explanation of the method for remodeling?
Tacheometric method is adopted for contouring of very steep hills.
The steps are as follows:
i) Set up the tacheometer at the top of the steep hill. Tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm. The stadia diaphragm has three horizontal parallel hairs instead of one as found in a conventional cross hair diaphragm.
i) Set up the tacheometer at the top of the steep hill. Tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm. The stadia diaphragm has three horizontal parallel hairs instead of one as found in a conventional cross hair diaphragm.
ii) With the help of a tacheometer it is possible to determine the horizontal distance of the point from the telescope as well its vertical level.
iii) The steep hill is surveyed at three levels – the base of the hill, the mid-level of the hill and the top level of the hill.
iv) Using the tacheometer reading are taken all around the hill at equal angular intervals on all these three
levels.
levels.
v) The radial plot thus obtained is worked in the office to interpolate points of equal elevation for contour mapping.
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